صفحه

مدرسه پزشکی

Campbell Biology

Campbell Biology delivers a trusted, current and pedagogically innovative experience that has provided millions of students with a solid foundation in college-level biology and with a true understanding of biology. The author team advances Neil Campbell's original vision of equipping students such as you at individual skill levels with tools, visuals, resources, and activities that engage you in learning. This solution strategically integrates text and artwork to reinforce key concepts, build scientific skills and promote active learning.

درخواست و رزرو جلسه مصاحبه

ویژگی های این کتاب

Comprehensive Biological Coverage

تمام زمینه‌های اصلی زیست‌شناسی، از مولکول‌ها و سلول‌ها گرفته تا اکوسیستم‌ها و تکامل را پوشش می‌دهد.

Clear and Engaging Explanations

مفاهیم پیچیده زیستی را با توضیحات منطقی و مناسب برای دانش‌آموزان، به درس‌هایی آسان برای فهم تبدیل می‌کند.

Stunning Scientific Illustrations

شامل هزاران نمودار، عکس و مدل‌های بصری با کیفیت بالا که زیست‌شناسی را به زندگی واقعی می‌آورد.

Trusted All Over The Worldwide

کتاب درسی زیست‌شناسی پیشرو که توسط میلیون‌ها دانشجو و مربی در دانشگاه‌های برتر سراسر جهان استفاده می‌شود.

The Chemical Context of Life
Water and Life
Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell
Membrane Structure and Function
An Introduction to Metabolism
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
Photosynthesis
Cell Communication
The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
Mendel and the Gene Idea
The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
The Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein
Regulation of Gene Expression
Viruses

DNA Tools and Biotechnology
Genomes and Their Evolution
Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life
The Evolution of Populations
The Origin of Species
The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life
Bacteria and Archaea
Protists
Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land
Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants
Fungi
An Overview of Animal Diversity
An Introduction to Invertebrates
The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Vascular Plant Structure, Growth, and Development
Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants
Soil and Plant Nutrition
Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology
Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function
Animal Nutrition
Circulation and Gas Exchange
The Immune System
Osmoregulation and Excretion
Hormones and the Endocrine System
Animal Reproduction
Animal Development
Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling
Nervous Systems

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere
Population Ecology
Community Ecology
Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology
Conservation Biology and Global Change

نمونه ای از آنچه خواهید آموخت

Virus

Compared with eukaryotic and even prokaryotic cells, most viruses are much smaller and simpler in structure. Lacking the structures and metabolic machinery found in a cell, a virus is an infectious particle consisting of little more than genes packaged in a protein coat. Are viruses living or nonliving? Early on, they were considered biological chemicals; the Latin root for virus means “poison.” Viruses can cause a wide variety of diseases, so researchers in the late 1800s saw a parallel with bacteria and proposed that viruses were the simplest of living forms. However, viruses cannot reproduce or carry out metabolic activities outside of a host cell. Most biologists would probably agree that viruses are not alive, but instead exist in a shady area between life-forms and chemicals. The simple phrase used by two researchers describes them aptly: Viruses lead a kind of borrowed life.

Immune Cells

For a pathogen—a bacterium, fungus, virus, or other diseasecausing agent—the internal environment of an animal offers a source of nutrients, a protected setting, and a means of transport to new environments. From the animal’s vantage point, the situation is not so ideal. Fortunately, adaptations have arisen over the course of evolution that protect animals against many pathogens. The body’s defenses make up the immune system, which enables an animal to avoid or limit many infections. (Note that a foreign molecule or cell doesn’t have to be pathogenic to elicit an immune response, but we’ll focus on the immune system’s role in defending against pathogens.) The first lines of defense offered by immune systems help prevent pathogens from gaining entrance to the body. For example, an outer covering, such as skin or a shell, blocks entry by many pathogens.

Meiosis

Darwin recognized that a population evolves through the differential reproductive success of its variant members. On average, those individuals best suited to the local environment leave the most offspring, thereby transmitting their genes. Thus, natural selection results in the accumulation of genetic variations favored in a certain environment. As the environment changes, the population may survive if, in each generation, at least some of its members can cope effectively with the new conditions. Mutations are the original source of different alleles, which are then mixed and.matched during meiosis. New and different combinations of alleles may work better than those that previously prevailed. In a stable environment, though, sexual reproduction seems as if it would be less advantageous than asexual reproduction, which ensures perpetuation of successful combinations of alleles.

Cells

Cells—the basic structural and functional units of every organism—are of two distinct types: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Organisms of the domains Bacteria and Archaea consist of prokaryotic cells. Organisms of the domain Eukarya— protists, fungi, animals, and plants—all consist of eukaryotic cells. (“Protist” is an informal term referring to a diverse group of mostly unicellular eukaryotes.)All cells share certain basic features: They are all bounded by a selective barrier, called the plasma membrane (or the cell membrane). Inside all cells is a semifluid, jellylike substance called cytosol, in which subcellular components are suspended. All cells contain chromosomes, which carry genes in the form of DNA. And all cells have ribosomes, tiny complexes that make proteins according to instructions from the genes. A major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is the location of their DNA.